█ _ Biblical Archaeology Society 2014 حصريا كتاب ❞ Islam in the Ancient World ❝ 2024 World: Many of ancient places, people and events that populate history are also a part Islamic tradition explores some Islam’s significant sites, bringing new perspective to traditions Discover how construction glimmering Dome Rock impressive Al Aqsa Mosque sought both draw on earlier religious outshine pre existing monuments Jerusalem “Islam Temple Mount” by Moshe Sharon J Harold Ellens describes important cultural exchange came about from remarkable book “The Fihrist: How An Arab Bookseller Saved Civilization ” In “Abraham’s Sons: Bible Qur’an See Same Story Differently,” John Kaltner storytelling similarities divergences, revealing what is distinctive while shedding unexpected light text Julie Skurdenis Saudi Arabia’s most archaeological sites like Domat Jandal Qasr Marid “Desert Fortresses: Jouf, Arabia ” The Golden Age traditionally dated mid 7th century 13th at which Muslim rulers established one largest empires During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers traders world contributed agriculture, arts, economics, industry, law, literature,navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, technology, preserving adding inventions innovations their own Also time became major intellectual centre for science, medicine education In Baghdad they “House Wisdom“, where non Muslim, gather translate world’s knowledge into Arabic Translation Movement Many classic works antiquity would otherwise have been forgotten were translated later turn Turkish, Sindhi, Persian, Hebrew Latin Knowledge was synthesized originating ancientMesopotamia, Rome, China, India, Persia, Egypt, North Africa, Greece Byzantine civilizations Rival dynasties such as Fatimids Egypt Umayyads al Andalus centres with cities Cairo Córdoba rivaling The empire first “truly universal civilization,” brought together “peoples diverse Chinese, Indians, Middle East black Africans, white Europeans ”A innovation period paper – originally secret tightly guarded Chinese art papermaking obtained prisoners taken Battle Talas (751), spreading Samarkand Arabs improved upon techniques using mulberry bark starch account preference pens vs brushes By AD 900 there hundreds shops employing scribes binders books public libraries began become From here making spread west Morocco then Spain Europe Much learning development can be linked topography Even prior presence, city Mecca served center trade pilgrimage exchanging ideas goods influence held merchants over African Arabian Asian routes tremendous As result, civilization grew expanded basis its merchant economy, contrast Christian, Indian peers who built societies an agricultural landholding nobility Merchants faith South east Asia, kingdoms Western Africa returned used wealth invest textiles plantations Aside traders, Sufi missionaries played large role Islam, message various regions around principal locations included:Persia, Mesopotamia, Central Asia Although, mystics had parts Eastern Anatolia (Turkey), Asia,East Islamic ethics Many medieval thinkers pursued humanistic, rational scientific discourses search knowledge, meaning values A wide range writings love, poetry, philosophical theology show thought open humanistic individualism, occasional secularism, skepticism liberalism Religious freedom, though society still controlled under values, helped create cross networks attracting Christian Jewish intellectuals thereby spawn greatest creativity Ages 8th centuries Another reason flourished during early emphasis freedom speech, summarized Hashimi (a cousin Caliph Ma’mun) following letter opponents he attempting toconvert through reason: “Bring forward all arguments you wish say whatever please speak your mind freely Now safe free appoint arbitrator will impartially judge between us lean only towards truth empary passion, shall Reason, whereby God makes responsible our rewards punishments Herein I dealt justly given full security am ready accept decision Reason may give me or against For “There no compulsion religion” (Qur’an 2:256) invited willingly accord pointed out hideousness present belief Peace blessings God!” Early proto environmentalist treatises written Kindi, Razi, Ibn Jazzar, Tamimi, Masihi, Avicenna, Ali ibn Ridwan, Abd el latif, Nafis Their covered number subjects related pollution air pollution, water soil contamination, municipal solid waste mishandling Cordoba, containers disposal facilities litter collection Institutions A educational institutions previously unknown origins world, notable examples being: hospital (which replaced healing temples sleep temples) psychiatric hospital, library lending library, academic degree granting university, astronomical observatory research institute opposed private observation post case times) The universities issued diplomas Bimaristan medical university hospitals students qualified practicing doctors 9th Guinness Book Records recognizes University Karaouine Fez, oldest founding 859 CE Azhar University, founded Cairo, 975 CE, offered variety degrees, including postgraduate often considered fledged doctorate dates back ijazat attadris wa ‘l ifttd (“license teach issue legal opinions”) Madrasahs taught law Tripoli said many three million before it destroyed Crusaders original mathematical sciences far exceeds combined total Greek comparable significance, although small fraction surviving studied modern times “The results scholars’ literary activities reflected enormous amount (about hundred thousand) manuscripts (not less than 5 million) current… These figures so imposing printed epoch presents materials” A distinct features introduced not libraries, but instruction ideas, place meetings discussions, sometimes lodging scholars boarding school pupils concept catalogue organized specific genres categories Legal include trust charitable (Waqf), agency aval (Hawala), lawsuit peer review كتب اسلامية باللغة الانجليزية مجاناً PDF اونلاين holy texts Muslims believe authored via prophets throughout humanity's All these books, belief, promulgated code laws ordained those