█ _ برتراند راسل 1977 حصريا كتاب ❞ individual and social ethics ❝ عن جميع الحقوق محفوظة للمؤلف 2025 ethics: Regarding personal morality, Bertrand Russell says: No one is entirely free no a slave To the extent that man enjoys freedom, he also needs morality for his guidance There are those who say need only follow accepted moral rules of society to which belongs But I do not think any anthropologist would be satisfied with this answer Things like cannibalism or human sacrifice cutting off displaying heads enemies murder execution have ceased exist simply because objections conventional opinions beliefs If really wants live in best possible way, must learn criticize superstitions, customs, tribe by some around him Russell's view on "individual perfection" as follows: person believes conscience deeply should act certain reason tells such thing better, even if action condemned government, conviction right On contrary, leave beliefs, except when there very strong reasons prevent from doing belief According Russell, what disturbs every rational nameless anonymous forces dominate daily lives people, although else Legally, these people slaves anyone, but individuals groups made circumstances This situation has arisen result worship false gods introduced prophets past The active worshipped power instead joy, happiness friendship, less been silent deceived erred recognizing root sorrow late pointed out point about "society": A good means achieve life, something kind perfection itself Our political thinking prone can called "management fallacy", is, habit looking at systematic whole that, it were an example order order, organism whose parts fit together beautifully viewing source emotion feels then they it's wrong, highest value found each individual, الفكر والفلسفة مجاناً PDF اونلاين ترتيب أمور معلومة للتأدي إلى مجهول ويُستخدم الدراسات المتعلقة بالعقل البشري ويشير قدرة العقل تصحيح الاستنتاجات بشأن ما هو حقيقي أو واقعي وبشأن كيفية حل المشكلات ويمكن تقسيم النقاش المتعلق بالفكر مجالين واسعي النطاق وفي هذين المجالين استمر استخدام المصطلحين "الفكر" و"الذكاء" كمصطلحين مرتبطين ببعضهما البعض الفلسفة (لغويا من اليونانية φιλοσοφία philosophia والتي تعني حرفيًا "حب الحكمة") هي دراسة الأسئلة العامة والأساسية الوجود والمعرفة والقيم والعقل والاستدلال واللغة غالبًا تطرح مثل هذه كمسائل لدراستها حلها ربما صاغ مصطلح "فيلسوف (محب الحكمة)" الفيلسوف وعالم الرياضيات فيثاغورس (570 495 قبل الميلاد) تشمل الأساليب الفلسفية الاستجواب والمناقشة النقدية والحجة المنطقية والعرض المنهجي وهذا ركن خاص بكتب مجانيه للتحميل